紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiaojiang River—A tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir

A yearlong monitoring program in the backwater area of Xiaojiang River (XBA) was launched in order to investigate the eutrophication of backwater areas in tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, starting after the impoundment water level of the TGR reached 156 m. From March 2007 to March 2008, the average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were (1553±484) μg·L^?1 and (62±31) μg·L^?1, respectively. The mean value of chlorophyll was (9.07±0.91) μg·L^?1. The trophic level of XBA was meso-eutrophic, while the general nutrient limitation was phosphorus. The results indicated that XBA has a strong ability to purify itself and has non-point source pollution from terrestrial runoff. The variation of TN/TP ratio was caused by a variation in TN rather than in TP when TN/TP < 22. N-fixation from cyanobacteria occurred and became an important process in overcoming the nitrogen deficit under a low TN/TP ratio. When TN/TP ? 22, the variation of TP affected the TN/TP ratio more significantly than TN. The increase of TP in XBA was caused mainly by particulate phosphorus, which could originate from a non-point source as adsorptive inorganic forms after heavy rainfall and surface runoff. An increase in the river’s flow could also contribute to an unstable environment for the growth of phytoplankton.     

缺氧折流板反应器（ABR）运行影响因素分析

ABR（Anaerobic Baffled Beactor）由于其具有结构简单,出水水质好,运行稳定可靠等优点,在废水处理中得到广泛的应用。本文结合近年来对ABR的研究和试验分析,对影响ABR运行效果的因素作了较全面的论述。     

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF TIDAL FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND WATER LEVEL1

ABSTRACT: Water level data at 16 ground water wells and two sea water gauging stations, coupled with barometric measurements in an alluvial plain in the central‐west region of Taiwan, are analyzed using spectral analysis in the time and frequency domains. The semi‐diurnal component from water level station is observed to be the most noticeable signal while the diurnal component is the less distinct signal recorded at the water level stations. Both semidiurnal and diurnal components are coupled with atmospheric pressure measurements. From the atmospheric pressure data, spectral analysis indicates that both the raw and the pressure adjusted water levels are almost in phase and retain the same amplitude in this area. It implies that the effect of pressure variations is not significant for the sea water and ground water level nearby; the astronomical tidal components, as expected, are the main factor causing fluctuation of ocean water and ground water levels in the Choshuihsi alluvial plain.     

区域大型环境空气综合观测中外场观测与实验室分析数据质量控制研究

环境监测的质量保证是监测数据准确性、可比性的重要保障.在区域大气联合观测项目中,完善的质量保证体系应包括管理机制和技术措施两部分,但目前我国对这类项目质量保证尚无统一标准.针对大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目（简称"大气攻关项目"）外场观测任务量大、承担单位多、监测项目复杂的特点,为保证观测数据的质量,避免出现由于监测和质控方法不统一造成的数据可比性差、结果矛盾的问题,提出了大气攻关项目质量保证体系和管理机制.其中,质量保证体系包括制定总体要求（技术文件、监测项目及质控要求）、外场观测质量保证（内部质量管理体系、项目外场观测质量保证体系）、实验室分析质量保证（实验室遴选、项目实验室分析多级质量保证体系、实验室比对和飞行检查）和数据质量控制（数据线上审核、项目实验室分析质控报告、项目数据质量评价）4个方面.管理机制为项目管理办公室、质控实验室和承担单位三级主体,两级监督的分级管理模式.通过项目实践,项目质量保证体系达到了保证观测数据准确性、可比性的预期效果,为揭示区域雾霾形成机理、突破污染控制关键技术提供了有力的技术支持,同时为区域大气联合观测项目的数据质量保证提供了借鉴.      

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的人群暴露和甲状腺毒性的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是使用最为广泛的有机磷阻燃剂,并兼具增塑剂、消泡剂和萃取剂等功能,被广泛用于电子产品、建筑材料和塑料材料等中,导致其在环境介质中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁.作为一种新型环境污染物,OPEs的人群暴露特征和生物毒性成为环境健康领域的研究热...     

微曝气阻隔技术处理污染场地土壤气中苯的研究

以北京某焦化厂苯精制车间废弃场地为研究对象,挖开10m×10m×4m的污染土基坑作为风险管控区,并进行微曝气阻隔技术处理,以期实现风险管控区的土壤气苯污染管控。结果表明,不曝气时,土壤中微生物主要为厌氧微生物。曝气1次不足以改变深层土壤的厌氧状态,对浅层土壤而言无法达到好氧微生物所需的足够O2,使得苯既不能被厌氧降解也不能被好氧降解,反而因扰动作用加速了苯的逸出,使得苯含量不减反增。再曝气3次后,各土层O2含量均大幅增加,污染土层中苯质量浓度降至0.79mg/m3,而清洁土层中苯质量浓度全部降到了0.22mg/m3以下,能够满足《污染场地挥发性有机物调查与风险评估技术导则》(DB11/T 1278—2015)土壤气中苯的筛选值(3.95mg/m3)。     

Transboundary hazardous waste management. Part I: Waste management policy of importing countries.

Mixed metal-containing waste, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors, printed circuit boards, steel mill dust and metal sludge were among the most common wastes exported from Taiwan. Before the implementation of the self-monitoring model programme of the Basel Convention (secretariat of the Basel Convention 2001) in the Asia region, Taiwan conducted a comprehensive 4-year follow-up project involving government authorities and the waste disposal facilities of the importing countries. A total of five countries and nine plants were visited in 2001-2002. The following outcomes can be drawn from these investigations. The Chinese government adopts the strategies of 'on-site processing' and 'relative centralization' on the waste management by tightening permitting and increasing site inspection. A three-level reviewing system is adopted for the import application. The United States have not signed the Basel Convention yet; the procedures of hazardous waste import rely on bilateral agreements. Importers are not required to provide official notification from the waste exporting countries. The operation, administration, monitoring and licensing of waste treatment plants are governed by the state environmental bureau. Finland, France and Belgium are members of the European Union. The procedures and policies of waste import are similar. All of the documents associated with transboundary movement require the approval of each government involved. Practically, the notification forms and tracking forms effectively manage the waste movement.     

Fetus in fetu—from prenatal ultrasound and MRI diagnosis to postnatal confirmation

We report a case of fetus in fetu presented as a complex intra-abdominal heterogeneous cystic lesion during ultrasound examination of the fetus at 25 weeks of gestation. Progressive growth of this mass was noted in the prenatal period. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging provided additional information to aid in the prenatal diagnosis. This allows proper counselling for the parents and helps to plan the postnatal management. Surgical excision was carried out in the early neonatal period and the diagnosis of fetus in fetu was confirmed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近年胶州湾陆源SGD及其营养盐输送

根据青岛市胶州湾周边的水文地质条件及地下水位、水质动态特征,运用断面法计算了2001～2003年该区地下水及其N、P、Si无机营养盐向海湾的输送量.研究表明近年该区地下水向海湾的输送量分别为(1.87～2.41)×106m3,其中白沙河平原输送量占95%以上.地下水向海湾的NO 2、NH 4、PO3-4输送量较少,而NO 3和可溶性SiO2的输送量较大,分别达(4.3～6.6)×106 mol/a、(0.6～1.1)×106 mol/a,分别占河流输送量的20%和1.3%,白沙河平原地下水NO 3输送量占研究区地下水总输送量的99%.